Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1151-9. [, Logan VF, Gray AR, Peddie MC, Harper MJ, Houghton LA. The FNB committee also noted that serum concentrations greater than 125 nmol/L (50 ng/mL) can be associated with adverse effects [1] (Table 1). However, FoodData Central does not include the amounts of 25(OH)D in foods. [, Zhang R, Li B, Gao X, Tian R, Pan Y, Jiang Y, et al. Another study that compared 200 male smokers in Finland with pancreatic cancer to 400 matched controls found that participants in the highest quintile of 25(OH)D levels (more than 65.5 nmol/L [26.2 ng/mL]) had a threefold greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer over 16.7 years than those in the lowest quintile (less than 32 nmol/L [12.8 ng/mL]) [106]. Aloia JF, Talwar SA, Pollack S, Yeh J. Moderate use of commercial tanning beds that emit 2% to 6% UVB radiation is also effective [13,31]. The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. Cardiovascular disease
[, Brown LL, Cohen B, Tabor D, Zappala G, Maruvada P, Coates PM. Vitamin D, Volume 1: Biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnostics, Fourth Edition. Association of serum level of vitamin D at diagnosis with breast cancer survival: A case-cohort analysis in the Pathways Study. [, Uday S, Hogler W. Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia in the twenty-first century: Revised concepts, public health, and prevention strategies. [, Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Sluyter J, et al. In addition to bone deformities and pain, severe rickets can cause failure to thrive, developmental delay, hypocalcemic seizures, tetanic spasms, cardiomyopathy, and dental abnormalities [46,47]. Drug-vitamin D interactions: A systematic review of the literature. Elsevier, 2018. In practice, however, people usually do not apply sufficient amounts of sunscreen, cover all sun-exposed skin, or reapply sunscreen regularly. [, Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. However, women with vitamin D intakes higher than 15 mcg (600 IU)/day at the start of the trial and who received the supplements experienced a 28% increased risk of invasive (but not in situ) breast cancer. WFAA Catches Gov. [, Yao S, Kwan ML, Ergas IJ, Roh JM, Cheng T-YD, Hong C-C, et al. The vitamin D reduced insulin resistance to a small but significant degree, especially in people taking more than 50 mcg (2,000 IU)/day who were vitamin D deficient at baseline, had good glycemic control, were not obese, and were of Middle Eastern ethnicity. In 2013–2014, an estimated 3.2% of the U.S. adult population took supplements containing 100 mcg (4,000 IU) or more vitamin D [42]. Preventive Medicine 2013;57:753-64. Older women and men should consult their healthcare providers about their needs for both nutrients as part of an overall plan to maintain bone health and to prevent or treat osteoporosis. ‘There Was No Plan’: City Scrambles to Shelter Residents Left in the Cold. JAMA 2006;296:2832-8. In a subsequent investigation for 4.9 years after the study's end, women who had taken the vitamin D and calcium supplements (many of whom continued to take them) had an 18% lower risk of in situ (noninvasive) breast cancer [100]. JAMA 2018;319:1705-16. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of prostate cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. the fourth letter of the English alphabet, a consonant. Restaurants and Food Organizations Feeding Dallasites for Free Right Now. In another study, 10 mcg (400 IU)/day vitamin D and 1,000 mg/day calcium supplementation slightly, but significantly, reduced weight gain amounts in comparison with placebo in postmenopausal women, especially those with a baseline total calcium intake of less than 1,200 mg/day [153]. Most people in the world meet at least some of their vitamin D needs through exposure to sunlight [1]. [, Heath AK, Hodge AM, Ebeling PR, Eyles DW, Kvaskoff D, Buchanan DD, et al. [, Nair-Shalliker V, Bang A, Egger S, Clements M, Gardiner RA, Kricker A, et al. Brewery drive-thrus, cocktail kits, and the home bar essentials you’ll want to have when the mood for a tipple strikes. [, Thacher TM, Fischer PR, Tebben PJ, Singh RJ, Cha SS, Maxson JA, Yawn BP. Vitamin D supplementation reduced cancer mortality rates by 13%, and most of the benefit occurred with daily supplementation. The analysis of 2015–2016 data also showed that 28% of all individuals aged 2 years and older in the United States took a dietary supplement containing vitamin D [40]. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. Overall, the available research suggests that consuming higher amounts of vitamin D or taking vitamin D supplements does not promote weight loss. [, Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the incidence rate of myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, stroke, venous thrombosis, or death from CVD. 183 prepared by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. A study of cohorts that included 5,313 participants who developed lung cancer and 5,313 matched controls found no association between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of subsequent lung cancer, even when the investigators analyzed the data by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and smoking status [104]. [, Mousa A, Naderpoor N, de Courten MPJ, Teede H, Kellow N, Walker K, et al. [, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008422.pub3. In fact, Black Americans might have a greater risk than White Americans of falls and fractures with daily vitamin D intakes of 50 mcg (2,000 IU) or more [14]. [, Pittas A, Dawson-Hughes B, Staten M. The authors reply: Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Dietary supplements can contain vitamins D2 or D3. For many people, consuming vitamin D-fortified foods and exposing themselves to some sunlight are essential for maintaining a healthy vitamin D status. [, Cashman KD, Seamans KM, Lucey AJ, Stocklin E, Weber P, Kiely M, Hill TR. Vitamin D: moving forward to address emerging science. Vitamin D status and weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials. Journal of AOAC International 2017;100:1223-4. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:745-54. [, Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Observational studies and clinical trials provide mixed evidence on whether vitamin D intakes or serum levels affect cancer incidence, progression, or mortality risk. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. Members of the Dallas City Council describe navigating a chaotic few days of power outages, burst pipes, and icy roads without clarity from the electricity provider. JAMA 2017;317:2448-50. An analysis of NHANES 2009–2016 data found that only 20.5% of breastfed infants and 31.1% of infants who were not breastfed ingested these recommended amounts of supplements [61]. Brooks SPJ, Sempos CT. Get the latest Dominion Energy Inc. D detailed stock quotes, stock data, Real-Time ECN, charts, stats and more. Below are brief descriptions of studies of vitamin D and its association with, or effect on, breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate vitamin D status. In this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin D is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin D that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(OH)D to adequate levels over time [67,68]. Obese individuals who have undergone gastric bypass surgery can also become vitamin D deficient. In a meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies in a total of 137,567 participants who had 8,345 diagnoses of cancer, 5,755 participants died from cancer [88]. Daily supplementation with 15 µg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: A 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. In extreme cases, vitamin D toxicity causes renal failure, calcification of soft tissues throughout the body (including in coronary vessels and heart valves), cardiac arrhythmias, and even death. Chefs and restaurateurs already face a pandemic. Vitamin D in foods: An evolution of knowledge. Cancer
Another study included 2,259 healthy individuals aged 45 to 75 years who had had one or more serrated polyps (precursor lesions to colorectal cancer) that had been removed [102]. The largest trial to date of vitamin D supplements for diabetes prevention randomized 2,423 men and women aged 25 years and older (mean age 60 years) with prediabetes who were overweight or obese (mean BMI of 32.1) to 100 mcg (4,000 IU)/day vitamin D3 or placebo for a median of 2.5 years [145]. Vitamin D supplements and muscle function
One meta-analysis of 20 clinical trials compared the effects of 0.5 mcg (20 IU)/day to 1,250 mcg (50,000 IU)/week vitamin D supplementation for 2–6 months with those of placebo on glycemic control in 2,703 adults from around the world who had diabetes [143]. 13-05183-EF-1. Endocrine Connections 2018;7:R294-303. Nutrients 2018; 10, 375; doi:10.3390/nu10030375 [, Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Teede H, Scragg R, de Courten, B. Vitamin D supplementation for improvement of chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. [, Taylor CL, Rosen CJ, Dwyer JT. [, Auguste BL, Avila-Casado C, Bargman JM. Officials are assessing the damage, but the newly renovated Hall of State reportedly had two feet of water in its basement. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. Two earlier prospective studies of similar design—one in the United States with 444 non-Hispanic White individuals [140] and the other with 576 individuals in northern Sweden [141]—found that levels of 25(OH)D greater than 99.1 nmol/L (39.6 ng/mL) and at least 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), respectively, were associated with a 61–62% lower risk of MS. No clinical trials have examined whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent the onset of MS, but several have investigated whether supplemental vitamin D can help manage the disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. [, Durup D, Jorgensen HL, Christensen J, Tjonnland A, Olsen A, Halkjaer J, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:1494-504. The incidence rate of rickets in the infants and children (younger than 7) seen by 2,325 pediatricians throughout Canada was 2.9 per 100,000 in 2002–2004, and almost all patients with rickets had been breastfed [50]. Nutrition 2015;31:421-9. The weight-loss drug orlistat (Xenical® and alli®), together with a reduced-fat diet, can reduce the absorption of vitamin D from food and supplements, leading to lower 25(OH)D levels [164-167]. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. AHRQ Publication No. Abbott's Jive Talk About Failed Wind Power, Dallas Restaurants That Are Open or Closed Due to Weather, Dallasites Crowdsource Winter Storm Tips for Stocked Grocery Stores, Hotels With Vacancy, and More, Dallas-Fort Worth Mutual Aid Collectives Sprung Into Life-Saving Action This Week. In addition, inadequate vitamin D levels can adversely affect muscle strength and lead to muscle weakness and pain (myopathy) [1]. The FNB established ULs for vitamin D in 2010 (Table 4) [1]. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:405-7. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016;26:663-73. in loanwords from Greek (Atreid; Nereid), and productive in English on the Greek model, esp. In the VITAL trial described above, 16,657 men and women 50 years of age and older with no history of depression and 1,696 with an increased risk of recurrent depression (that had not been medically treated for the past 2 years) were randomized to take 50 mcg (2,000 IU)/day vitamin D3 (with or without fish oil) or a placebo for a median of 5.3 years [135]. A couple are technically drive-ins. a suffix of nouns that have the general sense “offspring of, descendant of,” occurring orig. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. In the NHANES 2001–2006 survey, 25(OH)D deficiency (less than 25 nmol/L [10 ng/mL]) was more than twice as common among children and adults who reported oral steroid use (11%) than in nonusers (5%) [174]. The combination of high intakes of calcium (about 2,100 mg/day from food and supplements) with moderate amounts of vitamin D (about 19 mcg [765 IU]/day from food and supplements) increased the risk of kidney stones by 17% over 7 years among 36,282 postmenopausal women who were randomly assigned to take 1,000 mg/day calcium and 10 mcg (400 IU)/day vitamin D or a placebo [161]. Abbott’s Jive Talk About Failed Wind Power. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:903-5. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone (Deltasone®, Rayos®, and Sterapred®), are often prescribed to reduce inflammation. Many other countries around the world and some professional societies have somewhat different guidelines for vitamin D intakes [15]. Others are local mainstays. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Rickets. Obese people might need greater intakes of vitamin D to achieve 25(OH)D levels similar to those of people with normal weight [1,65,66]. CMAJ 2019;191:E390-4. Similarly, the VITAL clinical trial described above found that vitamin D supplements did not significantly decrease rates of heart attacks, strokes, coronary revascularization, or deaths from cardiovascular causes [93]. Circulating vitamin D concentrations and risk of breast and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. In addition, high intakes of vitamin D, especially from supplements, might reduce the potency of atorvastatin (Lipitor®), lovastatin (Altoprev® and Mevacor®), and simvastatin (FloLipid™ and Zocor®), because these statins and vitamin D appear to compete for the same metabolizing enzyme [167-170]. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019;64:276-88. Clinical trial evidence provides some support for the observational findings. Again, the pattern was similar for the risk of inadequacy. A review of 71 observational studies in adults with and without type 2 diabetes from 16 countries found a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D status and blood sugar levels in participants who did and did not have diabetes [146]. Some vitamin D3 is also converted to nonactive forms [1]. For infants, the FNB committee developed AIs based on the amount of vitamin D that maintains serum 25(OH)D levels above 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) and supports bone development. Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years. A collaborative analysis of individual participant data from 19 prospective studies assesses circulating vitamin D and prostate cancer risk. [, Ekwaru JP, Zwicker JD, Holick MF, Giovannucci E, Veugelers PJ. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A randomized clinical trial. Trends in use of high-dose vitamin D supplements exceeding 1000 or 4000 International Units daily, 1999-2014. Overall, clinical trials did not find that vitamin D supplements helped prevent or treat depressive symptoms or mild depression, especially in middle-aged to older adults who were not taking prescription antidepressants. However, the evidence on the impact of vitamin D and calcium supplements on fractures in community-dwelling individuals is inconsistent. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The results showed no significant differences in rates of progression to type 2 diabetes; in serum glucose, insulin, or hemoglobin A1c levels; or in measures of insulin resistance. Taken together, studies to date do not indicate that vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation reduces the incidence of cancer, but adequate or higher 25(OH)D levels might reduce cancer mortality rates. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. A one-year trial to assess the value of orlistat in the management of obesity. Vitamin D supplements may interact with several types of medications. Vitamin D might be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes through its effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling as well as its ability to reduce inflammation and improve pancreatic beta-cell function [144,145]. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. Here are a few places to get a hot meal—or donate your time or money if you're one of the fortunate ones with heat and running water. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:558S-64S. Hansen D, Bazell C, Pelizzari P, Pyenson B. Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, Ip S, Lau J, Lee J, et al. People can develop vitamin D deficiency when usual intakes are lower over time than recommended levels, exposure to sunlight is limited, the kidneys cannot convert 25(OH)D to its active form, or absorption of vitamin D from the digestive tract is inadequate. People with limited sun exposure
Those of African American ancestry, for example, have lower rates of bone fracture and osteoporosis than do Whites (see the section below on bone health and osteoporosis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 23(6):CD007469. After reviewing data on vitamin D needs, an expert committee of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) concluded that people are at risk of vitamin D deficiency at serum 25(OH)D concentrations less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL; see Table 1 for definitions of "deficiency" and "inadequacy") [1]. No studies have evaluated whether vitamin D supplements may benefit individuals under medical care for clinical depression who have low or deficient 25(OH)D levels and are taking antidepressant medication. [, Aloia JF, Li-Ng M, Pollack S. Statins and vitamin D. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1329. Lung cancer
Because vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, vitamin D toxicity results in marked hypercalcemia (total calcium greater than 11.1 mg/dL, beyond the normal range of 8.4 to 10.2 mg/dL), hypercalciuria, and high serum 25(OH)D levels (typically greater than 375 nmol/l [150 ng/mL]) [155]. N Engl J Med 2019;381:520-30. For example, a 3-year trial in New Zealand randomized 5,110 adults (mean age 65.9 years) to a single dose of 5,000 mcg (200,000 IU) vitamin D3 followed by 2,500 mcg (100,000 IU) each month or a placebo for a median of 3.3 years [124]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4845-51. [, Jorde R, Grimnes G. Vitamin D: No cure for depression. The vitamin D paradox in Black Americans: A systems-based approach to investigating clinical practice, research, and public health—expert panel meeting report. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015;55:1193-205. No association between vitamin D supplementation and risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps in a randomized trial. Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including reduction of inflammation as well as modulation of such processes as cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and glucose metabolism [1-3]. [, Schwartz JB. [, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Vieth R, Azad A, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: Population-based study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies. Stay up to date on the latest stock price, chart, news, analysis, fundamentals, trading and investment tools. Elsevier, 2018. This U-shaped association was most pronounced for men with the most aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Guidelines on vitamin D replacement in bariatric surgery? Most people in the United States consume less than recommended amounts of vitamin D. An analysis of data from the 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that average daily vitamin D intakes from foods and beverages were 5.1 mcg (204 IU) in men, 4.2 mcg (168 IU) in women, and 4.9 mcg (196 IU) in children aged 2–19 years [40]. [, Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD. However, more than 20 mcg (800 IU)/day vitamin D3, when taken with calcium supplements, significantly increased blood pressure in overweight and obese participants. Nutrients 2018 Apr 16;10(4). Their evacuated residents need immediate assistance. The 'sunshine vitamin': benefits beyond bone? A few studies have examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on specific cancers. Mushrooms provide variable amounts of vitamin D2 [17]. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain. In one meta-analysis of 46 clinical trials that included 4,541 participants, vitamin D supplements (typically 40 mcg [1,600 IU]/day or less) for a minimum of 4 weeks had no significant effects on systolic or diastolic blood pressure [127]. (d) Proceeds (sales price) (e) Cost (or other basis) (g) Adjustments to gain or loss from Form(s) 8949, Part I, line 2, column (g) (h) Gain or (loss) Subtract column (e) from column (d) and combine the result with column (g) 1a ; Totals for all short-term transactions reported on Form Absorption occurs by simple passive diffusion and by a mechanism that involves intestinal membrane carrier proteins [4]. The association was substantially stronger in women. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. While acknowledging that signs and symptoms of toxicity are unlikely at daily intakes below 250 mcg (10,000 IU), the FNB noted that even vitamin D intakes lower than the ULs might have adverse health effects over time. (Music, other) music. Identification and systematic appraisal. Wizards of the Coast’s talented rookie designer Taymoor Rehman has risen from D&D intern to contract writer to full-time game designer on D&D. It will finally hit theaters in June. The federal government’s 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Nutritional needs should be met primarily from foods. [, Rockwell M, Kraak V, Hulver M, Epling J. In the most recent meta-analysis, 10 randomized clinical trials (including the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial [VITAL] trial described below) that included 6,537 cancer cases provided 10 to 50 mcg (400 to 2,000 IU) vitamin D3 daily (six trials) or 500 mcg (20,000 IU)/week to 12,500 mcg (500,000 IU)/year boluses of vitamin D3 (four trials) [91]. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. It is also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts [1-3]. They also help reduce fracture rates in institutionalized older people. And then came an unprecedented winter storm that piled on major losses and property damage. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their vitamin D intakes and status with their healthcare providers. Other dairy products made from milk, such as cheese and ice cream, are not usually fortified in the United States or Canada. Evidence Synthesis Number 118. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:1043-4. Steve Lieberman: Why Retail is the Great Unifier. Levels of 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) or more are sufficient for most people. In the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial (described above), vitamin D3 and calcium supplements had no effect on rates of colorectal cancer. [, Yin L, Ordonez-Mena JM, Chen T, Schottker B, Arndt V, Brenner H. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration and total cancer incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. An investigation that pooled data from 10 studies of cancer in 12,205 men and women found that concentrations of 25(OH)D greater than 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) but less than 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) did not reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. [, Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, Gourlay M, LeBlanc E, Coker-Schwimmer M, Viswanathan M. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. a. a note having a frequency of 293.66 hertz ( D above middle C) or this value multiplied or divided by any power of 2; the second note of the scale of C major. Journal of Nutrition Science 2018;7:1-7. 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to graded vitamin D3 supplementation among obese adults. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: The Women's Health Initiative. A meta-analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials in 1,273 men with prostate cancer found no significant differences in total mortality rates between those receiving vitamin D supplementation (from 10 mcg [400 IU]/day for 28 days to 45 mcg [1,800 IU] given in three doses total at 2-week intervals) and those receiving a placebo [116]. Overview Information Vitamin D is required for the regulation of the minerals calcium and phosphorus found in the body. One reason is that sun exposure affects vitamin D status, so serum 25(OH)D levels are usually higher than would be predicted on the basis of vitamin D dietary intakes alone [1]. [, de Sevaux RGL, Hoitsma AJ, Corstens FHM, Wetzels JFM. Both forms raise serum 25(OH)D levels, and they seem to have equivalent ability to cure rickets [4]. Diets low in vitamin D are more common in people who have milk allergy or lactose intolerance and those who consume an ovo-vegetarian or vegan diet [1]. In contrast, another meta-analysis of 30 clinical trials in 4,744 participants (mean age 54.5 years) that administered 5 mcg (200 IU) to 300 mcg (12,000 IU)/day vitamin D3 for a mean of 5.6 months showed that more than 20 mcg (800 IU)/day significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normal-weight participants who had hypertension [128]. Cancer Res 2019;79:274-85. For men with prostate cancer, whether vitamin D supplementation lengthens cancer-related survival is not clear. Association of glucocorticoid use and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2001-2006. Osteoporosis is most often associated with inadequate calcium intakes, but insufficient vitamin D intakes contribute to osteoporosis by reducing calcium absorption [1]. Vitamin D did not significantly prevent the development of diabetes in comparison with placebo. For a reader-friendly overview of Vitamin D, see our consumer fact sheet on Vitamin D. For information on Vitamin D and COVID-19, see the NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines on Vitamin D. Vitamin D (also referred to as "calciferol") is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in a few foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Vitamin D sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. Cholecalciferol or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation does not affect muscle strength and physical performance in prefrail and frail older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1132-41. [, Sempos CT, Binkley N. 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardisation and vitamin D guidelines paralysis. Several trials have investigated whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent the transition from prediabetes to diabetes in patients with adequate 25(OH)D levels, and all have had negative results. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:89-100. Neurology 2017;89:1538-9. Treatment with vitamin D and calcium reduces bone loss after renal transplantation: a randomized study. Post-treatment levels of plasma 25- and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and mortality in men with aggressive prostate cancer. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 10th ed. Animal-based foods typically provide some vitamin D in the form of 25(OH)D in addition to vitamin D3. day; deci- ; deoxyribose (in specifying nucleosides and nucleotides, e.g., A is adenosine, dA is deoxyadenosine). JAMA 2017;317:1217-8. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Med 2015;128:1167-70. However, no 25(OH)D3 dietary supplements appear to be available to consumers on the U.S. market at this time [39]. However, the incidence of rickets is increasing globally, even in the United States and Europe, especially among immigrants from African, Middle-Eastern, and Asian countries [52]. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: A systematic review. The AAP also recommends 10 mcg (400 IU)/day supplemental vitamin D for all infants who are not breastfed and ingest less than 1,000 mL/day vitamin D-fortified formula or milk. People with dark skin
[, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. D is a general-purpose programming language with static typing, systems-level access, and C-like syntax. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018;6:847-58. If you would like to request a flag, please click here.. Eve Hill-Agnus, Aileen Jimenez, and Kathy Wise. [, Mallard SR, Howe AS, Houghton LA. Type 2 diabetes